ALL ABOUT COMPUTER

Chapter 1
preliminary

1.1. Background

In today's computer is in need of various circles. And computers are very helpful in doing a job. Almost all over the world doing a job using a computer. In the beginning was created, the computer functioned only as a tool just count. But along with the development, the role of computers increasingly dominate life. Moreover, computers are expected to be used to do everything that can be done by humans both in the field of education, health, industry, and everyday life so that the role of computers and humans will complement each other.

Some things to be deficient humans is expected to be replaced by computers. So is the computer that will be useless without human touch. The program contained on the computer is very varied and every program must have used the algorithm. The algorithm is a collection of command to solve a problem.

1.2. Purpose

This paper aims to broaden the readers, especially students of faculty of Information Technology so that later can find out more about computers, computer history, computer usability, and so forth.

Chapter 2

Understanding computer

2.1.      What is computer ?                  

The term comes from the word computer compute, that mean counting. That is, each process is executed by a computer is a matter of mathematical processes. So whatever is done by computers, either the appearance on screen, sound, pictures, etc. processed in such a way of calculating electronically. Computers in general can be interpreted as a tool for humans to complete its work. Suppose in the world of business or facilitate the mailing process, the calculation process, and so forth. Computers are the result of the advancement of electronics and informatics technology that serves as a tool for writing, drawing, editing pictures or photos, create animations, operates a program of scientific analysis, simulation and control equipment.

                        Broadly, the computer can be defined as an electronic device that consists of several components, which can cooperate between the components with one another to produce an information based on existing programs and data. The computer components are included: Screen Monitor, CPU, Keyboard, Mouse and Printer (as complementary). Without a computer printer can still do its job as a data processor, but not limited to the monitor screen looks in print form (paper).

Today computers and supporting devices have been included in every aspect of life and existing pekerjaan.Computer now have a greater ability than just a mathematical calculation biasa.Diantaranya is a computer system at the counter supermarket groceries able to read the code, telephone exchange that handles millions of calls and communications, networking computer and internet mennghubungkan various places in the world.

2.2.      History of the meaning of computer

Computer computare derived from the Latin which means counting. Because the extent of arable fields of computer science, experts and researchers differ slightly in defining termininologi computer. Below is some sense of computers according to some experts :

1.	Hamacher	Computer is an electronic calculating machine that quickly and can receive a digital input information, then process it in accordance with programs stored in memory, and generate output information.
2.	Blissmer	Computer is an electronic device that can perform several tasks as follows: Ø      Receive input Ø      Process the input was in accordance with the program Ø      Keep the commandments and the results of processing Ø      Provides output in the form of information
3.	Fuori	Computer is a data processor that can perform large calculations quickly, including arithmetic and logic operations, without intervention from humans.

Chapter 3

The discovery of Computer History

3.1       How computer history ???

                        Computer that we encounter today is an evolution of the length of the inventions of mankind since time immemorial in the form of mechanical or electronic devices.

After all of the data processing equipment since ancient times till now can we classify into four major categories :

1.	Equipment manuals	Data processing equipment is very simple, and most important factor in the use of the tool is to use the power of human hands.
2.	Mechanical equipment	Equipment that has been shaped by hand-driven mechanical manually.
3.	Electronic Mechanical Equipment	Mechanical equipment driven automatically by an electronic motor.
4.	Electronic equipment	Operation of electronic equipment in full.

3.2       How many generations of computers in history ???

 In the history of  computers there are 5 generations of computer history :

1.    First Generation Computers (1946-1959)

With the onset of the Second World War, the countries involved in the war sought to develop computers to exploit their potential strategic computer. This increased funding for computer development projects hastened technical progress. In 1941, Konrad Zuse, a German engineer to build a computer, the Z3, to design airplanes and missiles.

Allies also made other progress in the development of computer power. In 1943, the British completed a secret code-breaking computer called Colossus to decode secret German messages. The Colossus's impact influenced the development of the computer industry because of two reasons :

a)      Colossus is not a versatile computer (general-purpose computer), it was only designed to decode secret messages.

b)      The existence of the machine was kept secret until  decades after the war ended.

The work done by the Americans at that time produced a broader achievement. Howard H. Aiken (1900-1973), a Harvard engineer working with IBM, succeeded in producing electronic calculators for the U.S. Navy. Calculator-sized football field and a half feet long and has a wire range of 500 miles. The Harvard-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, or Mark I, an electronic relay computer.

First generation computers were characterized by the fact that operating instructions were made specifically for a particular task. Each computer has a different binary code of a program called "machine language" (machine language). This causes the computer is difficult to be programmed and the speed limit. Another feature is the use of first generation computer vacuum tube (which makes the computer at that time are very large) and magnetic cylinders for the storage of data.

2.    Komputer Generasi Kedua (1959-1964)

In 1948, the invention of the transistor greatly influenced the development of computers. The transistor replaced the vacuum tube in televisions, radios, and computers. As a result, the size of electric machines is reduced drastically.

The transistor was used in computers began in 1956. Other findings in the form of the development of magnetic-core memory to second generation computers smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than its predecessor. The first machine that utilizes this new technology is a supercomputer.

In the early 1960s, began to appear successful second generation computers in business, in universities and in government. The second generation of computers is a computer which used transistors. They also have components that can be associated with the computer at this time: a printer, storage disks, memory, operating system, and programs.

Some programming languages ​​began to appear at that time. Programming language Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL) and FORTRAN (Formula Translator) came into common use. These languages ​​replaced cryptic binary machine code with words, sentences, and math formulas more easily understood by humans. This allows a person to program and set the computer. Wide range of emerging careers (programmer, systems analyst, and expert computer systems). Industr software also began to emerge and evolve during this second generation of computers.

3.    Third Generation Computers (1964-1970)

Although the transistors in many respects the vacuum tube, but transistors generate substantial heat, which could potentially damage the internal parts of a computer. Quartz stone (quartz rock) eliminates this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, developed the integrated circuit (IC: integrated circuit) in 1958.

The result, computers became ever smaller as the components can be squeezed onto the chip. Other third-generation development is the use of the operating system (operating system) that allows the machine to run many different programs at once with a central program that monitored and coordinated the computer's memory.

4.    Fourth Generation Computers (1979-present)

After IC, the only place to go was down the size of circuits and electrical components. Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components on a chip. In the 1980's, the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contains thousands of components in a single chip.
Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI) increased that number into the millions. Ability to install so many components in a chip that berukurang half pushing coins falling computer prices and sizes.

In 1981, IBM introduced the use of Personal Computer (PC) for use in homes, offices, and schools. The number of PCs in use jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to 5.5 million units in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PCs in use. Computers continued evolution towards smaller sizes, from computers that are on the table (desktop computer) into a computer that can be inserted into the bag (laptop), or even a computer that can be hand held (palmtop).

 

At the present time, we know the journey with the use of IBM compatible CPU: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series of CPUs made ​​by Intel). Also we know AMD K6, Athlon, etc.. This is all included in the class of fourth-generation computers.

Defining the fifth generation computer becomes quite difficult because this stage is still very young. Examples are the fifth generation computer imaginative fictional HAL9000 computer from the novel by Arthur C. Clarke titled 2001: Space Odyssey. HAL displays all the functions you want from a fifth-generation computer. With artificial intelligence (artificial intelligence or AI), the HAL may have enough reason to do percapakan with humans, using visual feedback, and learn from his own experience.

Chapter IV

Conclusion and Suggestions

4.1              Knot

The computer as a data processor for generating an information, it would require a computer system (computer system) that the elements consist of hardware, software and computer systems brainware.Ketiga elements must be interconnected and form a unity. Hardware will not work if without the software, and vice versa. And both are not useful when there is no human (brainware) who operate and control it.

1.                     Hardware or Hardware: equipment that is physically visible and

can djamah.

2.                     Software or Software: programs that provide instructions /

commands to perform data processing.

3.                     Brainware: people who operate and control computer system.

4.2              Suggestions

1.      Fakultas expected all students to know and understand the information technology of the computer, so that after a degree in information technology, education is not worth living in - nothing.

2.      So that every professor or teaching team more diligent about understanding computer remind, because not all students know about computers faster.


IN INDONESIAN CLICK HERE